The Digital Evolution Laboratory at Michigan State University
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[Adami95] Adami C, Brown CT, Haggerty MR (1995)
Abundance distributions in artificial life and stochastic models: "Age and Area" revisited.
Lect Notes Artif Int 929:503--514

[Adami00] Adami C, Ofria C, Collier TC (2000)
Evolution of biological complexity.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97:4463--4468

[Barton03] Barton N, Zuidema W (2003)
Evolution: The erratic path towards complexity.
Curr Biol 13:R649--R651

[Chow04] Chow SS, Wilke CO, Ofria C, Lenski RE, Adami C (2004)
Adaptive radiation from resource competition in digital organisms.
Science 305:84--86.

[Chu97] Chu J, Adami C (1997)
Propagation of information in populations of self-replicating code.
In: Langton CG, Shimohara T (eds) Proc. Artificial Life V, pp. 462--469, MIT Press

[Cooper02] Cooper T, Ofria C (2002)
Evolution of stable ecosystems in populations of digital organisms.
In: Standish RK, Bedau MA, Abbass HA (eds), Proc. Artificial Life VIII, pp. 227--232, MIT Press.

[Darwin1859] Darwin C (1859)
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.
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[Dawkins86] Dawkins R (1986)
The Blind Watchmaker.
Norton

[Dennett02] Dennett D (2002)
The New Replicators.
In: Pagel M (ed) Encyclopedia of Evolution, Oxford Univ. Press

[Dewdney84] Dewdney AK (1984)
In a game called core war hostile programs engage in a battle of bits.
Scientific American, May issue, pp. 14--22.

[Domingo01] Domingo E, Biebricher CK, Eigen M, Holland JJ (2001)
Quasispecies and RNA Virus Evolution: Principles and Consequences.
Landes Bioscience, Georgetown TX, USA.

[Drake99] Drake JW, Holland JJ (1999)
Mutation rates among RNA viruses.
Proc Natl Acad Sci 96:13910--13913

[EgriNagy2003] Egri-Nagy A, Nehaniv CL (2003)
Evolvability of the genotype-phenotype relation in populations of self-replicating digital organisms in a Tierra-like system.
Lect Notes Artif Int 2801:238--247

[Elena03] Elena SF, Lenski RE (2003)
Evolution experiments with microorganisms: The dynamics and genetic bases of adaptation.
Nature Reviews Genetics 4:457--469

[Goldberg02] Goldberg DE (2002)
The Design of Innovation.
Kluwer, Dordecht, Netherlands

[Jacob77] Jacob F (1977)
Evolution and Tinkering.
Science, 196:1161--1166

[KimStephan2003] Kim Y, Stephan W (2003)
Selective Sweeps in the Presence of Interference Among Partially Linked Loci.
Genetics 164:389--398

[Koza03] Koza J (ed.) (2003)
Genetic Programming IV: Routine Human-Competitive Machine Intelligence.
Kluwer, Dordecht, Netherlands

[Lenski99] Lenski RE, Ofria C, Collier TC Adami C (1999)
Genome complexity, robustness and genetic interactions in digital organisms.
Nature 400:661--664

[Lenski03] Lenski RE, Ofria C, Pennock RT, Adami C (2003)
The evolutionary origin of complex features.
Nature 423:129--144

[Lenski04] Lenski RE (2004)
Phenotypic and genomic evolution during a 20,000-generation experiment with the bacterium, Escherichia coli.
Plant Breeding Reviews 24:225--265

[MaynardSmith1992] Maynard Smith J (1992)
Byte-sized evolution.
Nature 355:772--773

[McVean00] McVean GAT, Charlesworth B (2000)
The effects of Hill-Robertson interference between weakly selected mutations on patterns of molecular evolution and variation.
Genetics 155:929--944

[Misevic04] Misevic D, Lenski RE, and Ofria C (2004)
Sexual reproduction and Muller's ratchet in digital organisms.
Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Artificial Life (p. 340-345), Boston MA, Sept 12-15, 2004.

[Morin02] Morin PJ (2002)
Biodiversity's ups and downs,
Nature 406:463--464

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A pessimistic estimate of the time required for an eye to evolve,
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[Notley99a] Notley-McRobb L, Ferenci T (1999)
Adaptive mgl-regulatory mutations and genetic diversity evolving in glucose limited Escherichia coli populations,
Env Microbiol 1:33--43

[Notley99b] Notley-McRobb L, Ferenci T (1999)
The generation of multiple co-existing mal-regulatory mutations through polygenic evolution in glucose-limited populations of Escherichia coli
Env Microbiol 1:45--52

[Ofria04] Ofria C, Wilke CO (2004)
Avida: A software platform for research in computational evolutionary biology.
Artificial Life, 10:191--229

[ONeill03] O'Neill B (2003)
Digital evolution.
PLoS Biology 1:011--014

[Orr00] Orr HA (2000)
The rate of adaptation in asexuals.
Genetics 155:961--968

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Adaptive radiation in an heterogeneous environment,
Nature 394:69--72

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The coreworld---Emergence and evolution of cooperative structures in a computational chemistry.
Physica D 75:1--3

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In: Langton CG, Taylor C, Farmer JD, Rasmussen S (eds). Proc. of Artificial Life II, p. 371. Addison-Wesley

[Schluter96] Schluter D (1996)
Ecological causes of adaptive radiation,
Am Nat 148:s40--s64

[Schluter01] Schluter D (2001)
Ecology and the origin of species,
Trends Ecol Evol 16:372--379

[Tilman82] Tilman D (1982)
Resource Competition and Community Structure,
Princeton University Press

[Tilman00] Tilman D (2000)
Causes, consequences and ethics of biodiversity,
Nature 405:208--211

[Travisano00] Travisano M, Rainey PB (2000)
Studies of adaptive radiation using model microbial systems.
Am Nat 156:S35--S44

[Wilke01] Wilke CO, Wang JL, Ofria C, Lenski RE, Adami C (2001)
Evolution of digital organisms at high mutation rates leads to survival of the flattest.
Nature 412:331--333

[Wilke02a] Wilke CO (2002)
Maternal effects in molecular evolution.
Phys Rev Lett 88:078101

[Wilke02b] Wilke C, Adami C (2002)
The biology of digital organisms.
Trends Ecol Evol 17:528--532

[Wilke03] Wilke CO, Adami C (2003)
Evolution of mutational robustness.
Mutat Res 522:3--1

[Wilkins02] Wilkins AS (2002)
The Evolution of Developmental Pathways,
Sinauer

[Yedid01] Yedid G, Bell G (2001)
Microevolution in an electronic microcosm.
American Naturalist 157:465--487

[Yedid02] Yedid G, Bell G (2002)
Macroevolution simulated with autonomously replicating computer programs.
Nature 420:810--812

Last Updated Fri Jan 07, 2005